Penumbra
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This animation demonstrates how soft-edged shadows work. In-between the region where a light source can be viewed unobstructed and the part behind a barrier that is completely in shadow (the “umbra”) is a transition region where the light source is only partially obscured. This is the soft-shadow edge, or “penumbra”; the width of this region depends on the apparent (angular) size of the light source. Thus, small (or further-away) light sources produce hard-edged shadows, while larger (or closer) ones produce shadows with softer edges.
This is why point, spot and sun lights in Blender, for example, have a “size” setting. For sun lights, the size is given as an angle, since the sun is effectively infinitely far away; the default value for this is about half a degree, which corresponds to the apparent size of our sun as seen from the surface of the earth. For point and spot lights, the size is given in distance units, and the softness of shadow edges can be modified by changing both this and the position of the lights.
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